Urbanization and energy transition in developing countries: examining the interplay of social cohesion and social innovation in facilitating low-carbon energy transitions

Urbanization presents a complex challenge for developing countries striving to transition to low-carbon sources. Achieving equitable and sustainable outcomes requires attention not only to technology and finance but also to social dimensions. This paper examines the interplay between social cohesion and social innovation in facilitating equitable and sustainable energy transitions. Social cohesion, characterized by trust, cooperation, and reciprocity, promotes collective participation, ownership, and accountability in community energy initiatives. Social innovation, defined as the creation and implementation of new ideas and practices that address societal challenges, empowers communities to design inclusive, context-specific energy solutions. The interaction between cohesion and innovation enhances local agency and builds adaptive capacity. Drawing on examples such as Kenya's Green Belt Movement and India's Solar Electric Lighting Company, social engagement and innovation mutually reinforce each other. Policymakers should strengthen participatory planning, promote co-design approaches, and empower grassroots innovation across community networks.