Integrating 3D geotechnical characterization and Geo-BIM for geohazard assessment in soft ground

This study proposes a decision-making framework for site-specific 3D geotechnical characterization to support Geo-BIM-based design in coastal smart cities. High-density geotechnical survey data and geostatistical modeling are integrated to assess site-specific geohazards, including settlement, liquefaction, and seismic amplification. The workflow incorporates preliminary and detailed surveys, remote sensing, and monitoring strategies tailored to vulnerable zones. Using nanozonation and regional-optimum spatial modeling, a high-resolution 3D ground model with a 5 m × 5 m × 1 m grid is constructed. The framework enables regional site characterization, settlement prediction from consolidation, and site response analysis, producing 2D/3D hazard zonation maps for early design support. These outputs are embedded into Geo-BIM applications to guide embankment design, ground improvement planning, and risk mitigation. A case study in a reclaimed coastal area demonstrates the model’s utility in visualizing subsurface conditions and informing engineering decisions. The proposed approach enhances geotechnical digitalization and promotes data-driven decision-making in smart city development and digital construction.