Multi-domain interactions between indoor environmental quality, well-being and cognitive performance in smart educational spaces

ABSTRACT Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) significantly affects cognitive performance and well-being in educational settings. This study examined multi-domain interactions between indoor climate parameters (CO 2 concentration, temperature, humidity) and user control in smart and non-smart classrooms. Over two semesters, master’s students (mean age ≈ 24 years) participated in a ten-week FAIR-2 concentration test series. Linear mixed models and non-parametric analyses were applied to assess the influence of environmental factors and subjective well-being on cognitive performance. Results showed that smart-controlled rooms maintained lower CO 2 levels and more stable temperatures, improving concentration and perceived comfort, particularly during summer conditions. In contrast, higher winter temperatures correlated negatively with performance, potentially due to thermal discomfort and clothing insulation. The findings highlight the importance of adaptive smart systems and user feedback in optimizing indoor environments for health, comfort, and cognitive function in educational buildings.