The multilevel meta-analysis of the association between child maltreatment and problematic technology use: heterogeneity across different subtypes and moderating factors

Child maltreatment represents a significant risk factor for numerous adverse outcomes, yet its relationship with problematic technology use (PTU) remains inadequately understood. Existing meta-analytic studies have failed to distinguish between different PTU subtypes and have not examined cross-national moderating factors. This study employed a three-level random-effects meta-analysis to systematically examine associations between child maltreatment and PTU, while exploring specific patterns across different maltreatment types and PTU subtypes. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted comprehensive database searches across Web of Science, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Studies were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, with a mean quality score of 3.82 (SD = 0.72). The final analysis included 98 studies comprising 260 effect sizes and 272,491 participants. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between child maltreatment and PTU ( r = 0.200, 95% CI [0.175, 0.224]), representing a small-to-moderate effect size. Substantial heterogeneity was observed ( I 2 = 97.7%), with within-study variance (68.83%) exceeding between-study variance (30.14%). Moderation analyses demonstrated that emotional abuse exhibited the strongest association with PTU ( r = 0.233), followed by physical neglect ( r = 0.216). Gender composition, income inequality, and survival/self-expression cultural values significantly moderated the association. Measurement instruments also influenced effect sizes, with standardized scales showing stronger associations than self-reported usage time. These findings support theoretical frameworks linking early trauma to subsequent maladaptive technology use while highlighting the importance of considering maltreatment heterogeneity and sociocultural contexts. Results have implications for trauma-informed prevention and intervention strategies, emphasizing the need for targeted approaches based on specific maltreatment-PTU combinations.