Approaches to managing of chemical aspects of blowdown water operation and discharge for a sustainable recirculating cooling water system

This review addresses the sustainable management of recirculating cooling water systems, with particular attention to the operation and discharge of blowdown water. The objective is to examine the interactions between corrosion, scale deposition, and biological fouling, and to identify approaches that support both system efficiency and environmental protection. These processes are closely interrelated: corrosion is intensified by deposits and biofilms, while scaling and microbial growth reduce heat transfer and create conditions for localized material degradation. Evidence from a case study demonstrates pronounced seasonal variations, with microbial activity peaking in warmer months and increasing the risk of fouling and under-deposit corrosion. Effective management relies on careful regulation of pH, balanced chemical dosing, the use of corrosion and scale inhibitors, and controlled blowdown practices. Advanced treatment methods, including membrane separation, ion exchange, and physical disinfection, offer promising options for reducing chemical inputs and ensuring compliance with environmental standards. The analysis underlines the importance of integrated strategies that combine monitoring with preventive and corrective measures. A comprehensive approach not only extends the service life and reliability of cooling water systems but also mitigates ecological risks associated with industrial discharges. • Integrated assessment of corrosion, scaling and biofouling in cooling systems • Seasonal influence of microorganisms on system degradation is identified • Blowdown water management is evaluated using regulatory quality criteria • Advanced treatment strategies reduce chemical consumption • Study supports sustainable industrial water management practices