Batch adsorption of iron, manganese, and arsenic from groundwater using mango peel and jackfruit rag charcoals

Elevated concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) in groundwater pose significant environmental and public health challenges globally, particularly in regions dependent on untreated sources for drinking water. This study quantified Fe, Mn, and As levels in groundwater and evaluated the adsorption performance of low-cost charcoals derived from mango peel and jackfruit rag to convert agricultural wastes into value-added remediation materials. Initial concentrations of Fe (4.21 mg L⁻¹), Mn (2.31 mg L⁻¹), and As (0.015 mg L⁻¹) exceeded recommended drinking water limits for Fe and Mn. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at pH 7.0 with a 5.0 g L⁻¹ (0.50%) adsorbent dose, 150 rpm agitation, and contact times of 0 – 180 minutes. Maximum Fe removal reached 99.98% for both charcoals within 50 minutes. Manganese removal efficiencies were 70.0% for mango peel charcoal and 84.0% for jackfruit rag charcoal at 180 minutes. Arsenic removal was comparatively limited under the tested conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed porous, heterogeneous surfaces, while Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups primarily contributed to Fe and Mn adsorption. These findings demonstrate the potential of sustainable charcoals as economical adsorbents for sustainable groundwater treatment, and fruit waste management.