Performance analysis of a tri-hybrid nanofluid coolant for a tracker-mounted monocrystalline PV panel under Malaysian climate

Photovoltaic panels have been widely marketed as an environmentally sound electrification method. But maintenance is vital for their exceptional performance and lifespan. This work examined nanofluid-based cooling for monocrystalline PV panels mounted on HSAT operating in the Malaysian climate both numerically and data-wise. The study employed two ternary nanofluids: Al 2 O 3 ＋ CuO+MWCNT / H 2 O and TiO 2 ＋ MgO+GO / H 2 O. The impact of several parameters, including mixed convection, joule heating, viscous dissipation, and radiation, has been investigated. The MATLAB ’’bvp4c solver is used to solve the system of equations numerically once it has been converted into non-dimensional form using the appropriate transformations. The results showed proportionality with previous findings in the absence of certain parameters. The temperature profile of Al 2 O 3 ＋ CuO+MWCNT / H 2 O rises as radiation and Eckert numbers rise. In comparison to Al 2 O 3 ＋ CuO+MWCNT / H 2 O, the Nusselt number of TiO 2 ＋ MgO+GO / H 2 O is around 0.76% lower at R = 1 and its skin friction is about 7.22% higher at λ 1 = 3 . The Al 2 O 3 ＋ CuO+MWCNT / H 2 O has more cooling effect. The module efficiencies of the cooled panel were 13.5% and 13.6%, which were close to the efficiency claimed by the manufacturer. Thus, Al 2 O 3 ＋ CuO+MWCNT / H 2 O is the best coolant for the monocrystalline panel mounted on a tracker.