Socio-metabolic class conflicts in the Anthropocene

The Anthropocene epoch is characterized by an excessive use of natural resources and energy that contributes to the environmental destruction of the planet. However, large inequalities exist among social groups that benefit to various degrees from the use of resources and energy, as well as among individuals suffering from the negative impacts of environmental destruction. In this paper, we systematically analyze these differences and discuss a social stratification theory based on these inequalities in terms of possessions, social status, ability to control and benefit from planetary material cycles and energy flows, or suffering due to the consequences of environmental degradation. Referring to consumption data, we propose six global socio-metabolic classes and show distinctive energy use patterns by these classes. More research is needed to determine differences in the use of natural resources needed to maintain the biosphere integrity, such as land, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. To reduce existing inequalities, policies are needed that eliminate extreme poverty, improve education and healthcare access, promote decent living standards, and increase political representation of the underprivileged. In addition, policies that reduce extreme wealth accumulation and excessive consumption of energy and natural resources are needed to target the most privileged members of society.