Cyber–physical power systems resilience: Definition, threats, and assessment

The advancement and the increasing integration of information and communication technologies into modern cyber–physical power systems (CPPSs) enhanced efficiency, automation, and flexibility of the power system. However, it also exposes CPPSs to a wide range of cyber, physical, and coordinated threats that can severely compromise system security and reliability. Understanding, modeling, and assessing the resilience of CPPSs against such threats is therefore of critical importance. This paper surveys existing concepts, models, and analysis techniques for assessing CPPS resilience. It starts with a classification of threats, including cyberattacks, physical attacks, and coordinated attacks, and then reviews resilience analysis methods that focus on identifying system vulnerabilities, evaluating potential impacts, and measuring resilience under different operating conditions. The insights from this survey are intended to help researchers and practitioners improve CPPS security, resilience, and overall reliability. • Definitions and dimensions of CPPS resilience are explained. • A systematic classification of threats is presented. • Modeling methods for common CPPS threats are detailed. • Resilience assessment techniques are thoroughly analyzed.