The carbon footprint of Spanish tourists. Determinants and consumption patterns.

This study examines the carbon footprint of tourists using a bottom-up approach that enables detailed and personalised measurement. Based on a survey of a representative sample of 980 Spanish tourists, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were assessed across different categories of consumption and transport. The results indicate that transport accounts for the largest proportion of CO₂ emissions (almost half of the total), followed by food expenditure, tourism activities and accommodation. The analysis also reveals differences in carbon footprint according to sociodemographic factors such as age, income and education level, emphasising that transport, especially in international destinations, is a major source of emissions. This study helps to identify consumption patterns that can inform the design of policies aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of Spanish tourists. • Transport accounts for nearly half of Spanish tourists' carbon emissions. • Higher income and international travel significantly raise carbon footprint. • Food, leisure and accommodation also make major contributions to emissions. • A bottom-up method reveals individual CF linked to socio-demographic traits. • Policy design should target low-carbon transport and sustainable consumption.