Labour market competences for sustainability transitions: A cross-sectoral analysis in Norway

This paper addresses the oversight of labour market competences in sustainability transitions, focusing on competence and job demands. Using data from Norway, including 65 interviews, a survey of 7,500 firms and municipalities, and industry roadmaps, the study explores how sustainability transitions affect competence needs across sectors. Most organisations anticipate changes due to pressures and opportunities. These expectations are found across all sectors, including those that have been largely overlooked in transition research, such as the public sector and retail. Competence requirements are consistent across regions and industries, leading to increased competition for certain competences. Three categories of green competences are identified: industry-specific, technical/digital, and fundamental sustainability competences. While industry-specific competences vary, firms across all sectors anticipate increased demand for digital and fundamental sustainability competences. The study highlights that focusing efficiency and technology can obscure essential competences needed for environmental and climate goals, potentially neglecting cross-sectoral transition needs.