Evaluating the electrochemical deposition of nanostructured materials for advanced energy storage: a review of supercapacitors

Electrochemical deposition (ED) has emerged as a key fabrication technique for the development of high-purity nanostructured materials for energy storage (ES) applications. In this study, focus was laid on understanding, through many experimental studies, the role of ED in advancing supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors by optimizing film morphology, enhancing charge transport kinetics, and improving electrochemical performance. The direct correlation between the deposition parameters, structural characteristics, and electrochemical behavior was analyzed, demonstrating that variations in the current density influence the formation of different structures and film morphologies. The effects of binder-free substrates, interfacial engineering, and phase separation on the charge storage mechanisms were also explored. Given these advantages, a potential research focus has also emerged from this study, offering opportunities for enhancing ES applications.