From theory to practice: Challenges of implementing the Water-Energy-Food nexus in South Africa

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus has gained significant traction over the past decade as a conceptual framework for addressing resource interdependencies. However, despite its theoretical appeal and increasing scholarly and policy attention, a gap remains between WEF nexus theory and its practical implementation. Using a qualitative approach that combines an analysis of legal and governance frameworks with an exploration of governmental actors' narratives, we investigate the prospects and barriers to WEF nexus implementation in South Africa, a country facing acute resource security challenges. Our findings challenge the commonly held assumption that water, energy, and food governance operates entirely in silos. Instead, we identify an existing yet loosely structured network of intergovernmental interactions shaped by South Africa's governance system. While cross-sectoral coordination is widely recognized as beneficial, it remains unclear whether legislative and institutional reforms alone can improve access to water, energy, and food. We highlight the importance of both horizontal and vertical governance interactions and argue that any successful WEF nexus reform must build on existing institutional relationships rather than assume a need for radical transformation. Additionally, we emphasize the role of local governance, where service delivery inefficiencies and capacity constraints remain critical challenges. By shedding light on legal frameworks, intergovernmental coordination, and stakeholder narratives, this study contributes to the broader discussion on WEF nexus governance. Our findings underscore the need for context-sensitive approaches that account for political, institutional, and cognitive factors shaping cross-sectoral collaboration. We call for further research into governance bottlenecks and practical mechanisms to enhance WEF nexus implementation, particularly at the local level.