Storage-driven migration of plastic additives from packaging to fish: influencing factors and human exposure assessment

Plasticizers are widely used in food packaging materials, but their potential migration into food remains largely unknown and of growing concern for human health. This study aimed to evaluate the migration of four classes of compounds, phthalate esters acids (PAEs), non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and bisphenols (BPs), from common packaging materials into fresh fish (salmon, tuna and hake) under realistic household storage conditions (2 °C for 48 h, and −18 °C for 30 days). After examining the packaging materials, three representative types were selected for migration experiments. Plastic additives were detected in fish after storage, demonstrating that migration occurs under both refrigerated and frozen conditions. Migration rates varied widely (