Radiofrequency Ablation for Primary Thyroid Cancer

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive treatment for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), particularly for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. This review summarizes the current evidence on the indications, efficacy, and safety of RFA in the management of PTC. Recent studies demonstrate a significant volume reduction with most tumors having a complete or near-complete response, low progression and recurrence rates and a favorable safety profile. RFA has the advantage of preserving thyroid function, avoiding visible scarring, and reduced recovery time. Emerging guidelines and international consensus statements now acknowledge RFA as a viable option in carefully selected cases, particularly for tumors less than 1 cm in maximum diameter without extrathyroidal extension or nodal involvement. Existing data support RFA as an effective, safe, and well-tolerated alternative to surgery and active surveillance for managing low-risk PTC, though more long-term data are needed to confirm durability. Since outcomes are operator-dependent, the growing demand for this procedure necessitates the development of centers of excellence with experienced operators.