Beyond cost: Unpacking the techno-economic, institutional, and social dynamics of solar PV adoption in Ghana's commercial sector

In countries such as Ghana, commercial energy consumers face high electricity prices and unreliable grid supply, often resorting to polluting diesel generators. This makes solar photovoltaic (PV) systems an appealing alternative, yet adoption remains limited. Interdisciplinary research on the factors influencing commercial-sector solar PV adoption in low- and middle-income countries remains limited, especially where firm-level investment decisions are examined through qualitative case evidence. This study addresses this gap by identifying key techno-economic, policy and institutional, social and organisational barriers and enablers of solar PV uptake in Ghana's hotel and real estate sectors. To do so, it draws on a comparative case analysis of 23 commercial entities, based on face-to-face semi-structured interviews, site visits and complementary interviews with two sectoral business associations. In Ghana's commercial sector, solar adoption has grown largely from business pragmatism rather than government support, with firms attracted by long-term cost savings, energy reliability, environmental benefits and reputational gains. Firms with engaged leadership or environmentally minded decision-makers were more likely to invest, while risk-averse leadership often slowed progress even when technical staff championed solar. High upfront costs remain the most significant barrier to investment, compounded by weak implementation of renewable energy policies and resistance from distribution utilities. Adoption has also been shaped by concerns over product quality and maintenance, as well as limited access to clear, trustworthy information. Where solar is used, it has proven to be a viable and cost-effective solution, though negative perceptions, financing challenges, and policy gaps continue to restrict broader uptake.