Beyond the formal spotlight−Unravelling side events in multilateral environmental negotiations: a review

Abstract Multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), a key element of global environmental governance, and their associated agreement-making processes have been widely studied, in particular the formal negotiations between national delegates. In contrast, informal interactions—particularly side events— have received much less attention, despite their growing number and increased attendance by a variety of non-state actors. To better understand the nature and functions of these side events, we conducted a systematic literature review, analysing a final selection of 31 articles coded inductively using Atlas.ti 24. Side events differ from other informal interactions by being organised, and the literature points to 26 functions they fulfil. These functions can be associated with their setting, processes, outcomes, and impacts, and may build upon each other at multilateral environmental negotiations and beyond. As most reviewed publications dealt with UNFCCC COPs, further empirical research to broaden our understanding should best focus on side events at other MEAs.