Benefits of the human-animal bond for older veterans and their companion dogs two years after enrolling in a foster-to-adopt program

BACKGROUND: Companion animals may reduce loneliness and promote physical activity engagement among older adults, yet long-term outcomes are not well described. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate physical function, daily activity, and psychological well-being for older Veterans two years after enrolling in a companion dog foster-to-adoption program. METHODS: Ten older Veterans (60-75 years) completed assessments of dynamic balance, functional mobility, endurance, loneliness, and quality of life. Accelerometry-based monitoring was also completed to quantify real-world physical activity behaviors. These assessments were collected at baseline and repeated after two years. RESULTS: Most Veterans improved their balance (Four-Square Step Test, 8 of 9 improved), lower body strength (30-second chair stand, 6 of 10), endurance (Six Minute Walk Test [6MWT], 7 of 10), and general mobility (8ft Up and Go, 7 of 10) from baseline to 2 years. Most Veterans increased daily steps and active time and decreased sedentary time over the 2-year period. Activity and proximity monitoring of the Veteran and their companion dog revealed most dyads spent 10-20% of their time in proximity to one another being active together. Pet Attachment Scores and Dog Owner Quality of Life scores were high and UCLA 3-item Loneliness scores were low for nearly all participants. All dogs were adopted, and nearly all Veterans (9/10) strongly agreed their dog reduced loneliness; all agreed dog ownership increased social activity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the potential of companion dogs to support physical and psychological well-being of older adults, offering a meaningful intervention to reduce loneliness and social isolation, promote physical activity, and improve physical function.