Species-specific profiles and implications of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances contamination in edible insects

Edible insects are increasingly promoted as sustainable protein sources within circular agrifood systems. However, rearing them on organic waste raises chemical safety concerns, especially regarding persistent pollutants like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of PFAS contamination in insect-based foods authorized for human consumption in the European Union. Thirty-four commercial products from Acheta domesticus , Locusta migratoria , and Tenebrio molitor were analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS method targeting seventeen PFAS compounds. PFAS were found in all samples, with notable differences between species in PFAS levels and profiles. Locusta migratoria had the highest median PFAS concentrations, while Tenebrio molitor displayed a unique profile enriched with long-chain PFAS. Given the expanding use of insects in livestock feed and their anticipated integration into human foods, this trend highlights an urgent need to monitor and regulate PFAS, paralleling existing contaminant controls and ensuring the safety of the circular economy.