Optimal intervention strategies and cost-effectiveness analysis study of tuberculosis with reference to TPT, malnutrition and diabetes management

Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported annually. Recent studies suggest that expanding the accessibility of TB intervention programs can lead to a substantial decrease in both TB incidence and prevalence. This paper initiates by examining a deterministic mathematical model for TB transmission, aiming to analyze the underlying dynamics. Subsequently, an optimal control problem is formulated to enhance TB control measures, encompassing Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (TPT) and other initiatives targeting malnutrition and diabetes. Through simulation studies, the effectiveness of the control program is assessed. The model dynamics allow us to identify the pseudo-prevalence and incidence. To determine the potential long-term trajectory of TB and to acquire future projections a cost-effectiveness analysis is performed using ACER, AIR, ICER, and four quadrants to compare competing interventions. In conclusion, this work provides valuable insights into TB and strategies for its control and cost effectiveness.