Artificial intelligence and the transformation of South Asian diplomacy: Geopolitical challenges in the digital age

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping global geopolitics by transforming economic competitiveness, security, and diplomatic practices. However, limited research has examined its implications for diplomacy in South Asia. This study investigates how AI-driven geopolitical competition influences diplomatic challenges across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Using a qualitative comparative case study design, the research draws on systematic secondary data and applies process tracing and thematic analysis within the frameworks of realism, liberal institutionalism, and digital geopolitics. The findings indicate that uneven technological capabilities, technological dependence, cybersecurity risks, and fragmented regional governance significantly shape diplomatic strategies in South Asia. The intensifying US–China AI rivalry further complicates strategic alignment and digital sovereignty across the region. The study contributes to AI geopolitics by providing a comparative South Asian perspective and highlights the need for stronger national AI strategies, enhanced regional cooperation, and greater participation in global AI governance to strengthen diplomatic resilience in the evolving digital age.