Global food security under a sustainability perspective: Assessment, challenges, and strategies

Global food security faces severe threats that are critically impeding progress toward the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Food security is not only directly linked to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) but also fundamentally intertwined with the achievement of numerous other sustainable development goals. Through the assessment of four key food security indicators, we have identified a concerning reversal in global food security trends since 2015. This reversal has been driven by intensifying pressures from agricultural pollution, food waste, supply chain disruptions, and the adverse impacts of climate change. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive strategy and introduce an innovative framework: the global six-dimensional (availability, access, utilization, stability, agency, sustainability) food security early-warning and decision-support system. This framework integrates multi-source data and advanced tools to enhance the resilience and adaptability of food systems, providing new solutions to support the achievement of global sustainability goals.