Post-harvest banana packaging on the Brazilian and export market: a review of packaging evolution from the 1960s to the present

Brazil is one of the world's major producers and consumers of bananas. However, its production suffers from approximately 40% post-harvest losses, primarily due to the use of traditional packaging, such as wooden and plastic boxes, and the limited adoption of more advanced packaging systems. From harvesting to commercialization, bananas are subjected to mechanical injuries that compromise their final quality, leading to reduced market availability and increased waste generation. Therefore, studying the inefficiencies in packaging throughout the banana distribution chain is essential for developing effective loss mitigation strategies. This review surveys and discusses post-harvest packaging for bananas, considering the techniques and types of packaging used from historical times to the present day. These include wooden, cardboard, and plastic boxes, as well as modified atmosphere, active, and intelligent packaging. Additionally, the review recommends measures to mitigate economic losses by utilizing environmentally sustainable packaging, such as bio-based foams and molded fiber pulp. It also explores trends and future developments in packaging, including virtual prototyping techniques and the design of flexible packaging through 3D printing.