Revealing preferences for Bangkok Metro Station access modes through perceptions of safety, walkability, and service quality: A hybrid choice modeling approach

In developing cities, the effectiveness of urban rail systems depends not only on network expansion but also on safe and reliable first- and last-mile connections. This study examines metro station access mode choice in Bangkok, where informal services such as motorcycle taxis and Songthaews are widely used. A hybrid choice modeling framework is employed to integrate latent perceptions with observed factors, linking preferences, socio-demographics, and access mode choice behavior. Incorporating latent variables improved model fit, with the hybrid choice model outperforming a multinomial logit model benchmark. Walking increases when pedestrian environments meet safety and comfort expectations, while motorcycle taxi use declines when safety and service concerns persist. Songthaew choice is influenced more by tangible attributes than by latent perceptions. Socio-demographics affect mode choices both directly and indirectly through latent preferences, revealing attitudinal mediation pathways. The study highlights targeted interventions to improve walking environments, enhance motorcycle taxi safety, explore safer flexible alternatives, and standardize operations for informal modes, thereby supporting safety, sustainability, and equitable metro access in developing cities. • Hybrid choice model links latent preferences to informal mode choice for metro access in Bangkok. • Walking increases when safety and comfort expectations are met, stressing quality pedestrian infrastructure. • Safety concerns deter motorcycle taxi use despite positive attitudes, revealing unmet user expectations. • Songthaew choice driven more by tangible service attributes than by attitudinal preferences. • Informal mode improvements should target safety, reliability, and standardized service operations.