Nanocellulose–metallic nanoparticle composites: Antimicrobial properties and biomedical applications

This review examines the emerging role of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibers (CNFs) combined with green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, CuO) as sustainable antimicrobial and biomedical materials. The novelty of this work lies in consolidating evidence on how nanocellulose's high surface area, biocompatibility, and modifiable chemistry improve nanoparticle stability, reduce toxicity, and enhance antimicrobial effectiveness. By analyzing recent advancements in synthesis methods, antimicrobial mechanisms, and biomedical applications, the review shows that CNC/CNF-MNP composites demonstrate synergistic activity against pathogenic microbes and have promising results in wound healing, drug delivery, and antibiofilm treatments. The main conclusions indicate that these nanocomposites provide a viable alternative to traditional antimicrobials, especially in tackling the increasing problem of microbial resistance and supporting tissue regeneration. However, limited scalability, production costs, and inadequate clinical validation remain major barriers to their practical use. Overcoming these challenges through standardized green-synthesis protocols, improved composite engineering, and comprehensive in vivo studies will be crucial for advancing their application in healthcare.