Association of coffee consumption with diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus

To investigate the association of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption with the risk of diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This is a cross-sectional study included 6 311 women(1 313 with diabetes mellitus, 574 with GDM) using NHANES data (2007-2018) . Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between coffee/caffeine intake and diabetes mellitus/GDM risk. Subgroup analyses were done to test results robustness. Results Higher caffeinated coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes mellitus, with ORs of 0.80 (95%CI, 0.66-0.99) for ≤1 cup/day, 0.73 (95%CI, 0.60-0.88) for 1-2 cups/day, 0.86 (95%CI, 0.69-1.07) for 2-3 cups/day, and 0.74 (95%CI, 0.57-0.96) for >3 cups/day. There were dose-response associations of caffeine consumption and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Stratified analyses highlighted obvious relationships of higher caffeine intake with decreased diabetes mellitus in individuals with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 and those with lower physical activity levels. No significant association was found between coffee intake and GDM risk. Conclusions Coffee consumption, particularly caffeinated coffee, is associated with a decreased risk of diabetes mellitus but not with GDM. These findings suggest potential metabolic benefits of coffee.