Optimizing distributed energy resources: A multi-value assessment of electric vehicles and heat pump water heaters under congestion constraints
Abstract
This study proposes a distribution-level Energy System Integration and Aggregation (ESIA) model to evaluate the flexibility value of electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) under distribution transformer constraints. The model optimizes their operation based on household demand, photovoltaic generation, and mobility patterns. Using Japan’s FY2022 spot prices, simulation results show that day-ahead market optimization significantly reduces electricity procurement costs. Anticipated congestion-based control further mitigates reverse power flow with minimal cost increase, especially for HPWHs and EV charging. However, EV discharging faces opportunity loss due to reduced arbitrage flexibility during reserved periods.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Smart Grid Energy Management
Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
Publication details
- Journal / source
- International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Volume
- 174
- Pages
- 111544–111544
- Publication date
- 1 January 2026
- Language
- EN