Frequency-constrained dispatch for integrated power and transportation system considering frequency response from EV charging stations

The increasing penetration of renewable energy threatens frequency security in future power systems, while electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) can provide flexible and fast frequency response (FR). This paper develops a frequency-constrained dispatch scheme for the integrated power–transportation system (IPTS) considering FR from EVCSs to co-optimize unit commitment, generation dispatch, FR, and traffic routing. The IPTS dispatch model incorporates the constraints of the power system, transportation system, and EVCSs, and assesses the impacts of EVCS-provided FR on both systems. To address the model’s nonconvexities, tailored model reformulation methods are designed to transform the original model into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) form. Case studies on two test systems show that the proposed scheme maintains frequency security while reducing operating cost and carbon emissions.