Blockchain-based energy conservation mechanism in smart grids using adaptive weighted average consensus

Smart grids have been widely studied for their ability to improve efficiency and reliability, with prior research focusing on demand response, secure data sharing, and distributed optimization. However, existing approaches often address privacy protection and energy efficiency separately, leaving a gap in simultaneously achieving both within a scalable and incentive-compatible framework. To address this challenge, this work proposes a blockchain-based energy conservation mechanism that integrates an adaptive weighted average consensus scheme, optimized via Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II , with a dynamic incentive contract supported by cryptocurrency rewards. The mechanism allows prosumers to validate transactions by exchanging only the percentage of power change, thereby preserving privacy, while the incentive design motivates active participation in energy scheduling. Simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces average daily energy consumption per prosumer by 7.5 kWh (30-node case) and 8.8 kWh (300-node case), and decreases 24-hour weighted electricity costs by up to 8.66%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the mechanism in achieving measurable energy and cost savings.