Multi-objective capacity planning and coordinated control for high-altitude integrated energy system considering uncertainty and seasonal Variability

High-altitude regions play a crucial role in global energy transition and carbon neutrality goals, but they face severe challenges including harsh cold, oxygen deficiency, uncertainties in renewable energy output and load demand, and seasonal energy imbalances. Existing integrated energy systems (IES) exhibit limitations in high-altitude environments, such as poor environmental adaptability, inadequate oxygen supply coordination, and insufficient seasonal responsiveness. To address these gaps, this paper proposes a high-altitude integrated energy system (HAIES) integrating electricity, heat, hydrogen, and oxygen flows. A battery storage model modified for high-altitude conditions is established, along with a four-dimensional multi-objective optimization framework encompassing economy, reliability, environmental performance, and user comfort. A season-adaptive dual-mode coordinated control strategy is designed for seasonal load variations. To handle uncertainties without relying on probability distributions, an improved information gap decision theory (IGDT) integrated with the entropy weight method (EWM) is adopted. A bi-level algorithm combining non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) synergistically optimizes system capacity configuration and operational strategies. Case studies conducted in a community at 3500 m above sea level in Qinghai Province demonstrate that the proposed HAIES achieves a 14.36% comprehensive performance index. Compared with traditional control strategies and uncertainty methods, the HAIES outperforms its counterparts by 1.77–9.12% in comprehensive performance, effectively balancing multi-objective benefits and mitigating risks from high-altitude complexities and seasonal imbalances. This research provides a robust theoretical and engineering basis for the design and operation of efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy systems in high-altitude regions. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.