Robust wind farm frequency support for rapid and reliable load restoration under decision-dependent uncertainty

Traditional power systems over-rely on synchronous generators (SGs) for frequency support during load restoration, which are often constrained by operational limitations such as cranking time and ramping rate, limiting their fast grid connection and leading to a shortage of frequency regulation resources in early load restoration, potentially causing severe frequency fluctuations and delaying the restoration process. To address the challenge, robust frequency support of wind farms (WFs) is introduced in this paper, aiming for rapid and reliable load restoration. First, a collaborative mechanism for WFs to participate in frequency support along with energy storage system (ESSs) and SGs is analyzed, aiming to tap their potential in accelerating load restoration. Accordingly, a load restoration framework incorporating the frequency support capability of WFs is proposed, together with a corresponding two-stage robust optimization model. Especially, an uncertainty model of wind farm frequency regulation considering the impact of the first-stage decision is established, which depicts the coupling relationship between the frequency reserve threshold of WFs and the uncertainty of their frequency support capabilities. At last, the parametric column-and-constraint generation (PCCG) algorithm is tailored to efficiently solve the proposed model, where the extreme points and rays of the recourse problem can parametrically represent the decision-dependent scenarios. Case studies on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed model and algorithm.