Geoethics supporting geotourism modelling: Assessing karst geosites and management practices in Serbia and Montenegro

This study presents the development of a comprehensive karst geoethics assessment model (KGAM) that integrates karst vulnerability, conservation practices, and tourism utilization to promote a geoethical approach to International Best Practice (IBP), ensuring appropriate karst site management. The primary goal is to assess the performance from a geoethical perspective of sustainable management strategies for geologically significant destinations. As a case study, eight karst geosites in Serbia and Montenegro were subject to evaluation using four sets of indicators: karst vulnerability (KV), human activities (HA), conservation efforts (CE), and geoethical tourism performance (GTP). Results reveal a range of vulnerabilities, conservation statuses, and tourism practices across the geosites, highlighting significant challenges, particularly in waste management, biodiversity loss, and geoethical awareness of local communities. Whilst a few geosites demonstrate robust conservation efforts and low human interference, others face high vulnerabilities from tourism and urban activities. The study emphasizes the need for specialised management strategies, educational programs, and geoethical practices to ensure the sustainable management and conservation of karst geosites. Recommendations for targeted interventions, stakeholder involvement, and geoethical tourism promotion are provided to improve the long-term sustainability of these unique landscapes.