Nanocellulose-based packaging materials: Unlocking a sustainable path beyond microplastics

Plastic pollution, particularly the escalating issue of microplastics, has become a major global environmental challenge. Packaging materials are a major contributor to this global crisis, necessitating innovative and sustainable alternatives derived from renewable resources. Nanocellulose, an abundant, renewable, and highly versatile biopolymer extracted from plant biomass, offers significant promise as a next-generation packaging material. With exceptional mechanical strength, tunable surface chemistry, and excellent barrier properties, it stands out as a compelling replacement for petroleum-based plastics. Unlike prior reviews that focus mainly on performance optimization or processing techniques, this review adopts an integrated perspective by linking material innovation with environmental sustainability. Key aspects include the type, extraction, and purification method of nanocellulose, which form the structural and sustainable basis for packaging applications. Its versatile roles, ranging from reinforcement in composites and surface coatings to antimicrobial, active, and intelligent packaging, are discussed. Scalable processing strategies are evaluated with emphasis on performance enhancement through improved barrier, mechanical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties. The sustainability dimension is highlighted through biodegradability, recyclability, and life cycle assessment (LCA). Current challenges in commercialization are critically examined. By bridging materials design with environmental impact, this review positions nanocellulose-based packaging as a sustainable solution to microplastic pollution.