Recent advances in Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions and applications: A review

Collectively, Pd-catalysed coupling reactions are among the highly efficient and versatile protocols available to organic chemists for the construction of biologically active compounds. In contrast to non-catalytic pathways, these transformations prepare substituted arenes and heteroarenes quickly and selectively, utilising readily available substrates, due to their broad functional-group inclusivity and high chemo-selectivity. Several Pd-mediated coupling strategies have made a pivotal contribution to the industrial production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals over the last several decades. In view of these benefits, this review comprises a critical collection (from 2020 to 2026 to date) of the most emerging and outstanding diverse Pd-based catalysts, including Pd(0), organo-Pd, Pd complexes and composites. We present an exhaustive overview of emerging advances in the efficient and widespread applications of various Pd-promoted coupling reactions, including Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, Negishi, Buchwald-Hartwig, Kumada, Sonogashira, Fukuyama, Stille and Ullmann couplings, along with basic information on these essential and promising coupling strategies. Furthermore, we focused on describing the suggested mechanistic pathways underlying palladium's catalytic function.