IoT-based smart environmental control and air emission management in animal farming: A systematic review

• The IoT showed capabilities in reducing emission in animal farms. • AI models exhibited enhanced performance in optimizing gas regulation strategies • Research on NH 3 was top ranking, followed by CO 2 , H 2 S, CH 4 , but few on N 2 O and PM. • AIoT has great prospects in pollutant air control and sustainable emission. Emissions of hazardous gases from livestock production have had significant detrimental impacts on both global ecosystems and public health. In recent years, smart technologies have outperformed conventional biochemical and physical methods in improving indoor air quality and mitigating pollutant emissions, thereby promoting sustainable development in animal agriculture. This systematic review focuses on the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies within the Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) framework for regulating indoor air quality and reducing emissions in livestock housing systems. Research indicates that the integration of IoT and AI (AIoT) shows remarkable efficacy in monitoring indoor air quality and controlling pollutant emissions. However, current IoT-based pollution monitoring and control systems still face challenges, including sensor accuracy and reliability, the development of intelligent control strategies, cost management, and energy consumption optimization. To foster collaborative innovation and integrated applications of hardware, software systems, and data analysis technologies, these challenges must be addressed, future research must focus on developing low-cost, durable sensors, creating multi-variable control strategies that integrate animal behavior, and constructing end-edge-cloud collaborative AI and loT integrated (AIoT) systems to improve air quality, reduce pollutant emissions in livestock housing, and drive the low-carbon transformation. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no systematic review for air pollution and emissions in livestock housing based on IoT and AI was found. Therefore, to fill this gap, this review aims to provide valuable references and data support on how IoT and AI models enable low-cost, smart control of pollutant air and emissions in animal farming.