Research progress in triboelectric nanogenerators based on new inorganic materials

Based on contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a prominent technology for mechanical energy harvesting and conversion. Recent advances have been driven by new inorganic materials, including perovskites, graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, metal-organic frameworks, liquid metals, and high-entropy alloys. Their unique electrical, photoelectric, magnetic, and interfacial properties, reinforced by innovations in triboelectric materials, surface functionalization, and device structure, have led to significant improvements in energy conversion efficiency and environmental stability. Key mechanisms, such as band structure modulation, surface charge optimization, and interfacial engineering, not only enhance output performance but also endow TENGs with intelligence and multifunctionality, expanding applications in flexible electronics and environmental monitoring. Despite progress, challenges remain, including unclear interfacial coupling dynamics and limitations in large-scale manufacturing. This review examines current applications, highlights key scientific issues, and provides design insights to guide next-generation high-performance TENGs development.