Effects of fatty acids and cholesterol on functions and behavior of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have a crucial role in BM homeostasis and regenerative therapy. While lipids are known to be fundamental components of metabolism, their precise role in modulating the function and behavior of BM-MSCs remains unclear. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on the biology of BM-MSCs in response to fatty acids and cholesterol, which are the major health-related lipids. We discuss the importance of BM as a receptor and producer of lipids and summarize the mechanistic insights by which cholesterol and fatty acids, including endocannabinoids and short-chain fatty acids, regulate BM-MSC stemness, rejuvenation, and commitment. Understanding the complex and interdependent role of lipids on BM-MSCs is critical for proper BM and bone homeostasis. Future research should focus on the development of metabolic strategies to optimize health of the BM and its cells and to refine treatments for BM-related diseases or tissue regeneration.