Mapping burdens and inequalities of polycystic ovary syndrome in young females across 953 locations 1990–2040 with deep learning forecasts

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder impacting the health of young female populations. Using harmonized estimates from 953 locations, we assessed temporal trends, geographic inequalities, and forecasts of PCOS among individuals aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2040. Between 1990 and 2021, global prevalence and disability burden increased by more than 30%, with the highest burden observed among those aged 20-24 years. Substantial geographic heterogeneity was identified, with particularly high prevalence in Europe and East Asia. While high-income regions carried the greatest absolute burden, low- and middle-income regions showed the fastest growth, accompanied by widening socio-economic inequalities. Forecasting analyses suggest that PCOS burden in young populations will continue to rise through 2040. These findings characterize the evolving global landscape of PCOS, providing evidence to support targeted public health surveillance and prevention strategies for adolescent and young adult populations.