Subtype-specific secretion of extracellular vesicles by LRRK2 and Rab GTPases under lysosomal stress

LRRK2, the Parkinson's disease-associated kinase, phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases and regulates membrane dynamics. We previously reported that lysosomal stress activates LRRK2 and thereby induces the exocytic secretion of lysosomal contents, but the detailed secretion mechanism remained unclear. Here we found that, under lysosomal stress, endolysosomal luminal and membrane components were secreted with extracellular vesicles (EVs) via LRRK2. Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate, an endolysosomal lipid and a urinary marker of LRRK2 activity, was similarly secreted via LRRK2, whereas CD9-positive EVs were not involved. Further dissection of the secreted EVs revealed that Alix-positive EVs were secreted via Rab8a as well as the ESCRT component VPS4, whereas LAMP1/cathepsin B-positive EVs were secreted via Rab10/Rab35, and SNARE proteins syntaxin 2 and VAMP8 regulated the secretion of both EV subtypes. These findings suggest a distinctive stress-induced secretory mechanism whereby LRRK2 facilitates the secretion of multiple EV subtypes by controlling Rab GTPases involved in each pathway.