Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of lupeol in colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious worldwide health concern associated with chronic inflammation and dysregulation of numerous signaling pathways, including IL-6/STAT3, NF-κB, COX-2/PGE2, and IL-23/Th17. These pathways aid in tumour development and progression by increasing the manufacture of inflammatory mediators, anti-apoptotic gene expression, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Lupeol, a naturally occurring lupine-type pentacyclic triterpenoid, has sparked widespread interest due to its several pharmacological qualities, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial capabilities. Despite its enormous medicinal promise, low water solubility and bioavailability have hampered its clinical use. Recent advances in nano-based delivery systems and the invention of lupeol derivatives have increased its bioavailability and bioactivity, making it a promising candidate for CRC treatment. This study seeks to inspire additional research into lupeol's significance as a nutraceutical intervention in CRC by integrating current knowledge and investigating novel techniques to increase its clinical efficacy. • Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a promising candidate for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. • Colorectal cancer progression is linked to dysregulated signalling pathways such as NF-κB, IL-6/STAT3, COX-2/PGE2, and IL-23/Th17, which lupeol effectively modulates. • Lupeol induces apoptosis in CRC cells by influencing mitochondrial pathways, suppressing tumour growth, and inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. • Challenges such as low water solubility and bioavailability have hindered clinical applications, but advancements in nano-based delivery systems have improved its therapeutic potential. • Further research, including preclinical and clinical studies, is essential to validate lupeol's efficacy as a nutraceutical intervention for colorectal cancer treatment.