Synergistic optimization of computing-power-cooling-heat multi-energy flow: Integrating flexible data centers and district heating networks

Mining flexible and reliable resources on both energy consumption side and during transmission process to match the fluctuations of renewable energy sources can reduce system capacity requirements and enhance operational performance. However, a major challenge lies in the seamless coordination and real-time management of diverse energy flows. This study presents a holistic framework that coordinates computing-power-cold-heat multi-energy flows across data centers, integrated energy systems, and district heating networks, enabling chained optimization and system-wide synergistic operation. This synergy is achieved by establishing a closed-loop energy flow where the flexibility of data center computing loads and the virtual thermal storage of the heating network are coordinated to balance multi-energy supply and demand dynamically. By leveraging them, the approach establishes a closed-loop energy chain that not only enhances renewable energy integration and waste heat recovery but also enables real-time balancing of electricity, cold, and heat demands. A double-layer optimization method is proposed to co-optimize system design and operation of the chained system. The outer layer configures components’ capacities, while the inner layer schedules computing workloads, temperature regulation of networks, and multi-energy flows, resolving configuration-operation interdependencies. A case study validates the proposed methods through comparing three cases. The simulation results demonstrate that the scheme with the flexibilities of data center and heating networks achieves a 19% reduction in total cost and a 32% decrease in carbon emission costs compared to the baseline without workload shifting and heat storage in heating networks, significantly enhancing renewable integration and operational flexibility.