Neurophysiology in deep brain stimulation: Bridging clinical practice and systems neuroscience

As understanding of neurophysiology has progressed from individual neurons to large-scale brain networks, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been established as a major intervention for neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here we review (1) the clinical implementation of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, focusing on invasive approaches including local field potential (LFP) and microelectrode recordings (MER), and (2) the insights gained from neurophysiological recordings during deep brain stimulation (DBS) into the mechanisms underlying human neurophysiology and behavior. By integrating fundamental neuroscience with clinical practice, this review bridges the gap between core neuroscience and clinical application, demonstrating how DBS serves as both a therapeutic tool and a means to explore human brain function.