Sources of outdoor air pollution exposure and child brain network development across the United States

Abstract Ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution is a heterogeneous mixture of chemicals with documented neurotoxic effects. Developmental neuroimaging literature has linked childhood PM 2.5 exposure to alterations in brain morphology, microarchitecture, and function, with implications for cognition and psychopathology. However, the extant literature remains largely cross-sectional and often considers PM 2.5 a single pollutant, rather than a heterogeneous mixture of chemicals from different sources. This work addresses these gaps by leveraging estimates of exposure to six PM 2.5 sources derived from positive matrix factorization, and longitudinal neuroimaging data from a large, geographically-diverse sample of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study youth ( N = 6,291) from across the United States (U.S.). To identify exposure-related differences in brain function and assess their geographical generalizability, we used a predictive modeling approach to assess both differences in functional brain network connectivity during childhood (9-11 years of age) and changes in functional brain network connectivity during the transition to adolescence (9-13 years of age) related to PM 2.5 exposure. Childhood PM 2.5 exposure from traffic emissions and industrial/residual fuel burning were linked to mixed patterns of both stronger and weaker connectivity of sensorimotor networks at ages 9-11 years. Conversely, childhood exposures to secondary pollutants (i.e., ammonium sulfates, nitrates) were linked to largely stronger connectivity of brain networks underlying higher-order cognition that decreased over the following two years. However, these patterns of exposure-related functional connectivity identified in youth across the U.S. better represented youth living in the northeast as compared to youth living in the west. Altogether, this work provides insights into the neurotoxicity of outdoor air pollution exposure in developing sensory and motor systems and potential for biomarkers of eventual psychopathology.