Heat generation and electromagnetic potential driven flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid with variable fluid properties between two parallel plates

The combined use of hybrid nanofluids and electromagnetic potential driven flow enables enhanced and controllable heat and mass transfer, making this approach highly suitable for advanced cooling of electronic systems and high-efficiency heat exchangers. Motivated by this, the current research investigates the combined influence of bioconvection and variable fluid properties on electromagnetic potential driven ternary hybrid nanofluid flow among two parallel plates. Moreover, the thermal energy analysis incorporates under the influences of thermal radiation, internal heat generation, and activation energy. The mathematical flow model PDEs are converted into the system of couple ODEs by utilizing suitable similarity variables. The resulting coupled nonlinear ODEs are explained numerically using the BVP4C technique in MATLAB. The graphical and numerical outcomes are achieved to illustrate the effects of various parameters for the tri-hybrid nanofluid ( M W C N T + C u + S W C N T / H 2 O ) and unary nanofluid ( C u / H 2 O ), and to examine the corresponding variations in the relevant physical profiles. The findings designate that the heat transfer rate is significantly boosted by the inclusion of ternary hybrid nanofluids as compared to the unary nanofluid. Moreover, increasing values of the suction parameter lead to a reduction in velocity, whereas an opposite trend is observed for stronger injection parameters in both cases.