The associations between speed performance and health outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To synthesize current evidence on the associations between speed performance and health outcomes in children and adolescents. Methods A systematic search of four databases was conducted up to March 31, 2025. Studies quantifying associations between speed performance and health parameters in generally healthy individuals aged 3-19 years were included. Pooled correlation coefficients and 95% CI were derived from the r values and sample sizes of included studies. Results A total of 58 studies involving 481,579 individuals (232,666 girls) were included. Meta-analysis results indicate significant (all p < 0.05) low-to-moderate associations of speed performance with body mass index ( r = 0.179), fat-free mass ( r = -0.318), fat mass ( r = 0.247), percentage of body fat ( r = 0.352), sum of skinfolds ( r = 0.271), waist circumference ( r = 0.211), triglycerides ( r = 0.191), bone mineral content ( r = -0.382), bone mineral density ( r = -0.398), bone speed of sound ( r = -0.256), anxiety ( r = 0.258), and physical self-concept ( r = -0.436). These associations were moderated by relevant variables, with moderating patterns differing across specific health outcomes. Evidence regarding the associations of speed performance with blood pressure and depression was inconclusive. Conclusion This study revealed significant associations between speed performance and various health outcomes in children and adolescents, suggesting that speed performance assessment could be useful for the early identification of those at health risk within this population.