Anti-inflammatory effect of Cyanidin-3-O-lathyroside from Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells

The anti-inflammatory effect of cyanidin-3-O-lathyroside was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by examining cell morphology and quantifying pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by qPCR. Extracellular cytokine levels and the activity of inflammatory mediators were measured using ELISA and nitric oxide (NO) assays. Immunoblotting of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway targets and immunofluorescent staining of p65 were performed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism. Treatment with cyanidin-3-O-lathyroside consistently reduced macrophage activation, as well as the mRNA and protein expression of cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The phosphorylation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of p65 were also effectively inhibited by cyanidin-3-O-lathyroside at higher concentrations. Overall, the results demonstrate a dose-dependent suppression of LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, supporting the potential of cyanidin-3-O-lathyroside as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.