Evolution of COVID-19 antiviral interventions in Taiwan, 2022–2025: Insights from public health policy

This study reviewed the use of COVID-19 antiviral agents in Taiwan (2022-2025), focusing on how policy changes influenced drug deployment, and explored trends in outpatient visits, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and mortality. Policy changes and usage patterns of Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir, were tracked using the Stockpile Management Information System (SMIS). As policies shifted to focus on the treatment of mild-to-severe cases in high-risk groups, the percentages of both oral antivirals and Remdesivir use increased. Remdesivir use (among hospitalized patients and emergency departments visits) rose from 10% in 2022 to 20% during COVID resurgence in 2025. Among adults aged ≥65 years, the oral antiviral utilization percentage remained stable at 53-54% after March 2023 based on total healthcare visits, and reached 65-69% when using outpatient visits as the denominator. As vaccine coverage expanded and herd immunity increased through 2022-2024, Taiwan's population developed robust hybrid immunity, hospitalizations and deaths declined substantially in subsequent epidemic waves. This analysis of the utilization percentages of COVID-19 antiviral drugs may serve as a valuable reference for future drug procurement and resource allocation. Timely, and adaptive deployment of antiviral agents remains critical for mitigating public health and healthcare system burdens during large-scale epidemics.