Optimizing sowing method and density of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) to improve lodging resistance and yield

Wide-range sowing combined with moderate density can enhance the lodging resistance and yield of broomcorn millet. Compared to row sowing and hole sowing, the wide-range sowing method demonstrates stronger lodging resistance. It has been confirmed that the optimal agronomic combination is wide-range sowing with a planting density of 9×10 5 plants ha -1 . The frequent occurrence of extreme adverse climatic conditions worldwide has led to a significant increase in crop lodging, resulting in reduced yields and posing a threat to food security. Broomcorn millet is mainly cultivated in marginal land where agricultural practices are relatively less advanced. Improper sowing methods and density have exacerbated the lodging issue of broomcorn millet, hindering yield increase. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of different sowing methods and densities on the lodging resistance and yield of broomcorn millet, aiming to optimize cultivation techniques for enhanced lodging resistance and higher yields. The experiment was conducted using the Shaanxi broomcorn millet No. 2 variety, with three sowing methods (row sowing, hole sowing, and wide-range sowing) and three sowing densities (D1-D3, 6×10 5 , 9×10 5 and 1.2×10 6 plants ha -1 , respectively) to assess the impact on lodging-related characteristics and yield changes. The results showed that as sowing density increased, the total dry matter of broomcorn millet decreased. However, wide-range sowing maintained a larger leaf area and better growth status at higher densities. Wide-range sowing exhibited superior stem breaking resistance under all density conditions, optimizing both plant height and the height of the center of gravity, thereby enhancing overall lodging resistance. Furthermore, the mechanical tissue structure in wide-range sowing was superior to that in row and hole sowing at the same density, promoting lignin and cellulose accumulation, thereby strengthening broomcorn millet's lodging resistance. Based on these findings, it is recommended that local broomcorn millet production adopt wide-range sowing with a D2 density, as this combination results in a lower lodging rate and higher yields. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing broomcorn millet planting strategies, demonstrating that a suitable combination of sowing method and density can effectively improve lodging resistance and yield.