A method based on lexicographic optimization and TOPSIS for identifying firefighting strategies in light of domino effects

Fire safety at process plants is critical for ensuring operational safety, protecting human lives, and minimizing economic and environmental losses. Process facilities often handle flammable, toxic, and reactive substances, making them highly vulnerable to fires and explosions. A single ignition event can escalate rapidly, leading to domino effects that impact adjacent units and infrastructure. Effective firefighting strategies are essential not only for extinguishing fires but also for preventing their escalation and mitigating potential catastrophic outcomes. The complexity of process plant layouts, coupled with the possibility of domino effects and exposure of vulnerable targets, necessitates real-time methods for decision-making and effective allocation of firefighting resources. In the present study, a risk-based model has been developed to identify firefighting strategies considering potential domino effects, onsite and offsite risk criteria, and available firefighting resources. TOPSIS – a multi-criteria decision-making method – is used to select the most effective strategy. • Domino effect probabilities along with risks of damage and fatality are determined • Mathematical optimization is used to identify viable firefighting strategies • AHP and TOPSIS are used to select the most effective strategy • Decision criteria include risks of expected fatalities and damage to the terminal