Research progress on strengthening mechanisms and application of high-performance cold-work tool and die steels

Cold-work tool and die steels are indispensable materials in modern manufacturing, yet their service life is frequently constrained by premature failure. To address this issue systematically, this paper reviews the latest research progress concerning the failure mechanisms and strengthening technologies for these steels. The study begins with a detailed analysis of typical failure modes, including fatigue fracture, wear, plastic deformation, and corrosion, and provides a systematic evaluation of the advantages and limitations of traditional strengthening methods, such as alloying, electroslag remelting, deep cryogenic treatment, and surface modification. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional approaches, this review focuses specifically on nanoparticle strengthening systems, exemplified by TiC and TiC+TiB 2 composites. It delves into the selection criteria for reinforcing particles, their methods of incorporation, and their role in microstructural regulation, thereby clarifying the synergistic effects that enhance comprehensive mechanical properties and wear resistance. The introduction of trace nanoparticles through master alloys effectively refines the grain size and enhances interfacial bonding, facilitating a balanced improvement in strength, toughness, and wear resistance. These findings provide crucial theoretical and technical support for advancing cold-work tool steels toward higher performance and longer service life.